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Diabetes

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  Diabetes: An Overview :   If you have diabetes, your body can't use and process the glucose in your food properly. The problem of having too much glucose in your bloodstream is shared by all types of diabetes, each with its own unique set of causes. Insulin and/or medications are used as treatments. A healthy lifestyle can help prevent some types of diabetes. When your body is unable to absorb sugar (glucose) into its cells and use it for energy, you develop diabetes. As a result, more sugar builds up in your bloodstream. Diabetes management mistakes can have serious consequences, causing damage to your heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves, among other organs and tissues. Why do I have a high blood glucose level? What causes this to occur? Breaking down food into its various nutrient sources is an important part of digestion. Your body converts carbohydrates like bread, rice, and pasta into sugar (glucose) when you eat them. When glucose enters your bloodstream, it nee...
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Cardiac cycle

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  The cardiac cycle is divided into two basic phases: systole (contraction and ejection) and diastole (relaxation and filling). Diastole is the time when the ventricles are not contracting but rather relaxed. Blood is passively flowing into the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) from the left atrium (RA) for the majority of this time (see figure to the right). Mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles, allowing blood to flow through them. Through the inferior vena cava (IVC) and superior vena cava (SVC), the RA receives venous blood from the body. Through four pulmonary veins that enter the LA, oxygenated blood from the lungs reaches the LA. Both atria contract at the conclusion of diastole, bringing additional blood into the ventricles. The period of time known as systole is when the left and right ventricles contract and release blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively. The aortic and pulmonic valves open du...
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Cardiac output

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Introduction Cardiac output (CO) is the mechanism by which blood circulates throughout the body, particularly to the brain and other vital organs. It is the amount of blood pumped by the heart every minute. Modulating both the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV) alters both the cardiac output and the body's demand for oxygen, such as when exercising. Because every tissue in the body depends on the heart pumping blood for nourishment, any cardiovascular dysfunction has the potential to result in significant morbidity and mortality. As a result, the regulation of cardiac output is subject to a complex mechanism that involves the autonomic nervous system, endocrine, and paracrine signaling pathways. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and affects nearly 30 million people each year. There are a number of ways to determine the degree of functional impairment, which informs diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. A clinician should be familiar with the f...
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